heat of vaporization of cddt

Will this substance have a high or low heat of vaporization? It takes a lot of heat to increase the temperature of liquid water because some of the heat must be used to break hydrogen bonds between the molecules. But why is the distance between molecules in ice bigger than in water? J. It is also known as the phase transition from the liquid to the gas phase, but boiling is the formation of vapor as bubbles of high-temperature water below the surface of the liquid just like we keep the water jar on a high flame, it turns to bubbles and then the steam escapes into the atmosphere. . Soc., 1946, 68, 12, 2537-2538, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01216a032 If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. Williamham, C.B. So the transfer of heat from water to air is slowed down by the layer of ice. 518. Soc., 1943, 65, 1135-1139. [all data], Domalski and Hearing, 1996 Khim. Chem., 1947, 39, 4, 517-540, https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50448a022 Chem., 1972, 25, 1625-30. When a system captures hear from its surroundings, there is a, Evaporation occurs only when the partial/incomplete pressure of vapor of a substance/material is lower than the. The vibrational frequencies of alicyclic ring systems, And since it is frozen at an expanded state with molecules further apart, it is less dense than water which has it's molecules closer together. . Metals have an even higher heat of vaporization. [all data], Spitzer and Pitzer, 1946 The Heat Capacity of Gaseous Cyclopentane, Cyclohexane and Methylcyclohexane, [all data], Go To: Top, Phase change data, References. BUR. A very basic equation to calculate the heat of vaporization is: This calculates the difference in internal energy of the vapor phase compared to the liquid phase. [all data], McCullough, Person, et al., 1951 Will the solid float or sink? ; Wilhelm, E.; Grolier, J.-P.E., . Ind. This is extremely important for life on Earth. In other words, water has a high. Coefficents calculated by NIST from author's data. This, in turn, allows fine features to be formed without the production of any notable heat-affected zone or recast layer. Delivered to your inbox! Why ice floats. Question 30 1 out of 1 points The heat of vaporization involves the Vapor-Liquid Equilibria in Binary Systems Formed by Cyclohexane with Alcohols, Eng. Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) following TRC products: Daubert, 1996 Thermal data. To get water to vaporize, you must increase the temperature to make the molecules move faster. As such, water also has a high heat of vaporization. Meaning the molecules are further apart. Many metals form complex interactions with other metal atoms. Proc. Retrieved from https://biologydictionary.net/heat-of-vaporization/. Direct link to Alex's post The solid would be suspen, Posted 7 years ago. At the surface of a liquid, why do some molecules evaporate but others do not? Youve just been out in the sun for awhile, and youre sweating quite a bit as you sit down and grab a glass of cool ice water. Data compiled as indicated in comments: Water is an anomaly (that is, a weird standout) in its lower density as a solid. Parks, G.S. . ; Swinton, F.L., Data Program, but require an annual fee to access. The weaker the bond between atoms, the less energy is needed to break those bonds. AIChE Symp. 1,5,9-Cyclododecatriene, (E,E,Z)- Heat of Siblimation of Molecular Crystals: A Catalog of Molecular Structure Increments., BS - Robert L. Brown and Stephen E. Stein Requested URL: byjus.com/heat-of-vaporization-formula/, User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/103.0.0.0 Safari/537.36. . uses its best efforts to deliver a high quality copy of the [all data], Ruehrwein and Huffman, 1943 Direct link to Ryan Hoyle's post Awesome question. Evaporation occurs only when the partial/incomplete pressure of vapor of a substance/material is lower than the equilibrium vapor pressure. We can understand this by thinking back to the case of a bottle of soda pop cracking in the freezer. Excess volumes and excess heaat capacitiies of some mixtures with trans,trans,cis-1,5,9-cyclododecatriene at 298.15K, 3. shall not be liable for any damage that may result from It takes a lot of heat to vaporize water, which is important for the water cycle and temperature of the Earth. Rauh, H.J. 2023. DH - Eugene S. Domalski and Elizabeth D. Hearing [all data], Lainez, Rodrigo, et al., 1989 Data compilation copyright Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Biologydictionary.net, June 06, 2017. https://biologydictionary.net/heat-of-vaporization/. Rauh, H.J. Marinichev, A.N. Enthalpies of Vaporization of Organic Compounds: A Critical Review and Data Compilation, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1985, 300. shall not be liable for any damage that may result from Vapor-Liquid Critical Properties of Elements and Compounds. Direct link to Marwan's post what is the difference be, Posted 7 years ago. The vaporization of a liquid is closely associated with a significant increase in the distance between molecules and a reduction in . Vapour forms due to the boiling of fuel in the fuel lines, as the result of excessive heating of the engine in hot weather or operation of the vehicle in high altitude regions that lowers the boiling point of the fuel because of which the vapor lock occurs. Am. Direct link to Ron Feldman's post My question is related to, Posted 4 years ago. . As a result of the EUs General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). Willingham, C.B. Ans: Vapour forms due to the boiling of fuel in the fuel lines, as the result of excessive heating of the engine in hot weather or operation of the vehicle in high altitude regions that lowers the boiling point of the fuel because of which the vapor lock occurs. Direct link to ILoveToLearn's post The higher the speed, the, Posted 6 years ago. errors or omissions in the Database. It means more is the cohesive force between molecules, the more is heat required to vaporize the solid or liquified elements. Data, 1963, 8, 3, 371-381, https://doi.org/10.1021/je60018a027 The Heats of Vaporization and Vapor Heat Capacities of Some Dimethylcyclohexanes 1, Direct link to Quin Keza's post i don't understand really, Posted 3 years ago. 402. This helps counter drastic shifts in temperature, which would be devastating to life. However, NIST makes no warranties to that effect, and NIST Sublimation Pressure Data for Organic Compounds., This measurement describes the amount of energy it takes to raise the temperature of water 1 degree Celsius. Data, 1993, 38, 2, 320-323, https://doi.org/10.1021/je00010a034 The Heat of Vaporization (also called the Enthalpy of Vaporization) is the heat required to induce this phase change. Don't be surprised if none of them want the spotl One goose, two geese. Because of its high heat capacity, water can minimize changes in temperature. Since living things, from human beings to bacteria, have a high water content, understanding the unique chemical features of water in its three states is key to biology. . The difference in volume between a substances liquid state and gaseous state. The heat capacity of benzene-d6, [all data], Young, 1910 ; Huffman, H.M.; Thomas, S.B., T = temperature (K). Technology, Office of Data [all data], Williamham, Taylor, et al., 1945 Commun., 1979, 44, 3, 637-651, https://doi.org/10.1135/cccc19790637 on behalf of the United States of America. Yes, that part is not very clear. J. Boiling occurs only when the equilibrium vapor pressure of the substance is greater than or equal to the environmental/, The enthalpy of vaporization, i.e., symbolized as H. All rights reserved. Bondi, A., Heat of Vaporization (J/g) Acetic acid. We observe this gas as water vapor or steam. "Heat of Vaporization. ; Eubank, P.T., Gas-liquid critical properties of the cycloalkanes and their mixtures, NATL. Bildungsenthalpien und mesomerieenergien von -bindungssystemen, 5. ; Swinton, F.L., binary mixtures and chemical reactions, SRSD 2 Web Thermo Tables (WTT), "lite" edition, SRSD 3 Web Thermo Tables (WTT), professional edition, SRD 156 Clathrate Hydrate Physical Property Database, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031(95)90678-9, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3173-2. Enthalpy of vaporization - Wikipedia Why is waters high heat of vaporization important? Gierycz, Pawel; Kosowski, Andrzej; Swietlik, Ryszard, Specific heat capacity and heat of vaporization of water. J. Water has unique chemical characteristics in all three statessolid, liquid, and gasthanks to the ability of its molecules to hydrogen bond with one another. The enthalpy of vaporization is often quoted for the . It is measured in Joules per mole (J/mol), or sometimes in Calories (C). In a liquid state, a certain substance forms many temporary, but strong bonds between molecules. The fascinating story behind many people's favori Can you handle the (barometric) pressure? Biologydictionary.net Editors. [all data], Marinichev and Susarev, 1965 Direct link to Archana's post At the surface of a liqui, Posted 4 years ago. the Technology, Office of Data . Majer, Vladimr; Svoboda, Vclav; Hla, Slavoj; Pick, Jir, [all data], Gaw and Swinton, 1968, 2 Chem. The dependence of heats of vaporization of methanol, propanol, butanol, cyclohexane, cyclohexene, and benzene on temperature, . Temperature is the way we measure heat. You idly notice both the sweat beads on your arms and the chunks of ice floating at the top of your water glass. Water's high heat of vaporization is important because it helps to moderate the temperature of the ecosystem. The purpose of the fee is to recover costs associated ; Geyer, W.; Schmidt, H.; Geiseler, G., Volume III, Data, 1960, 5, 2, 196-200, https://doi.org/10.1021/je60006a019 Young, C.L., J. Chem. Chem. Direct link to Maryam's post What if you drop a solid , Posted 4 years ago. Chem. Accessed 4 Mar. Belg., 1957, 66, 375-81. It is the amount of energy or enthalpy added to a liquid substance to transform a given quantity of that substance into a gas phase. The vaporization of a liquid is closely associated with a significant increase in the distance between molecules and a reduction in their interactions. 1,5,9-Cyclododecatriene, (E,E,Z)- - NIST At this juncture, a vapor is said to be saturated. SRD 103a Thermo Data Engine (TDE) for pure compounds. Eng. Since the majority of Earth is made of water, large changes in the amount of solar energy the Earth receives are counteracted by water. Temperature dependence of heats of vaporization of saturated hydrocarbons C5-C8; Experimental data and an estimation method, The increased movement in gas particles compared to liquid particles creates heat and pressure. At a certain point, the molecules will begin to break away from the liquid and vaporize. ; Pignocco, J.M. 'Hiemal,' 'brumation,' & other rare wintry words. The meaning of HEAT OF VAPORIZATION is heat absorbed when a liquid vaporizes; specifically : the quantity of heat required at a specified temperature to convert unit mass of liquid into vapor. In this article, we will discuss how vaporization occurs, types of vaporization, in detail. Direct link to Immanuel Tolstoyevski's post Yes, that part is not ver, Posted 6 years ago. . Svoboda, V.; Vesel, F.; Holub, R.; Pick, J., You must there are over 200,000 words in our free online dictionary, but you are looking for one thats only in the Merriam-Webster Unabridged Dictionary. [all data], Go To: Top, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, References. Thermodynamic properties of binary systems containing hexafluorobenzene. This holds the molecules together even tighter than water molecules. In fact, water takes over 40,000 Joules per mole to vaporize. Lainez, A.; Rodrigo, M.M. DH - Eugene S. Domalski and Elizabeth D. Hearing, Go To: Top, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Notes, Rauh, Geyer, et al., 1973 (Left) Crystal structure of ice, with water molecules held in a regular 3D structure by hydrogen bonds. Data, 1967, 12, 3, 326-329, https://doi.org/10.1021/je60034a010 You may have seen this for yourself if you've ever put a sealed glass container containing a mostly-watery food (soup, soda, etc.) Enthalpy of vaporization at standard conditions. Lainez, A.; Rodrigo, M.M. m = mass of the substance. ; Andrews, D.H., . Note that some molecules of water - ones that happen to have high kinetic energy - will escape from the surface of the water even at lower temperatures. with the development of data collections included in Stull, Daniel R., Excess volumes and excess heaat capacitiies of some mixtures with trans,trans,cis-1,5,9-cyclododecatriene at 298.15K, TRC - Thermodynamics Research Center, NIST Boulder Laboratories, Chris Muzny director In liquid water, hydrogen bonds are constantly being formed and broken as the water molecules slide past each other. Ziegler, W.T. Test your knowledge - and maybe learn something along the way. All rights reserved. NIST subscription sites provide data under the [all data], Lee and Holder, 1993 Z. Phys. View plot The higher the speed, the greater the movement, the larger the likelihood that the particle will ricochet off the container or another particle in just the right way to escape. [all data], Diogo, Santos, et al., 1995 J. Chem. It is the amount of energy or enthalpy added to a liquid substance to transform a given quantity of that substance into a gas phase. Technology, Office of Data To save this word, you'll need to log in. The enthalpy of vaporization (symbol H vap), also known as the (latent) heat of vaporization or heat of evaporation, is the amount of energy that must be added to a liquid substance to transform a quantity of that substance into a gas.The enthalpy of vaporization is a function of the pressure at which that transformation takes place.. Soc., 1951, 73, 9, 4069-4071, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01153a003 5. Czech. Tr = reduced temperature (T / Tc). Boiling is similar to evaporation. Since the molecular pressure and the kinetic energy of each molecule inside the container is high because of the high temperature; therefore, more molecules escape the surface, and the saturated vapor pressure also increases. The amount of heat needed to be released from a substance into the environment. (kJ/mol) Instead, it becomes known as a supercritical fluid. . Past this critical temperature, the substance is distinguishable neither as a liquid nor a vapor. The layer which is most closer to the air, interacts with air molecules. DH - Eugene S. Domalski and Elizabeth D. Hearing, Go To: Top, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, References, Notes, Data compiled as indicated in comments: Note that, As water molecules evaporate, the surface they evaporate from gets cooler, a process called, Posted 8 years ago. Organic and Inorganic Compounds, [all data], Lainez, Rodrigo, et al., 1989 Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Domalski, Eugene S.; Hearing, Elizabeth D., The solid would be suspended in the middle of the liquid without moving. C p,liquid: Constant pressure heat capacity of liquid: c H liquid: Enthalpy of combustion of liquid at standard conditions: vap H: Enthalpy of vaporization: vap H: Enthalpy of vaporization at standard conditions Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.003 l/mol; Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.07 mol/l; Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.04 mol/l; Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.02 mol/l; Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.06 mol/l; Based on data from 293. Jones, A.H., Natl. The term vaporization was being used in colloquia/hyperbolic manner to allude to the physical destruction of an object/element that is exposed to intense heat or explosive force, where the object of large mass is split into small pieces rather than converting into gaseous form. Direct link to Hikari Akasaki's post Why do the fastest-moving, Posted 7 years ago. . The main influences over the heat of vaporization are the interactions between molecules in a solution. [all data], Lubomska, Banas, et al., 2002 That is, water has a high, Waters heat of vaporization is around 540 cal/g at 100 C, water's boiling point. Stand. Acetone. Am. Cruickshank, Austin J.B.; Cutler, A.J.B., [all data], Stull, 1947 ; Anthony, R.G. Faraday Soc., 1968, 64, 637-647, https://doi.org/10.1039/tf9686400637 Direct link to JLD's post In the last paragraph it , Posted 6 years ago. Chem. If you think about using a metal vs wooden spoon in a hot pan of water, it's the metal one that will burn you, because it is more dense and a better conductor of heat. Just as it takes a lot of heat to increase the temperature of liquid water, it also takes an unusual amount of heat to vaporize a given amount of water, because hydrogen bonds must be broken in order for the molecules to fly off as gas. Spitzer, Ralph; Pitzer, Kenneth S., Diogo, Hermnio P.; Santos, Rui C.; Nunes, Paulo M.; Minas da Piedade, Manuel E., Eng. [all data], Young, 1972 Rotinjanz, L.; Nagornow, N., With most other liquids, solidificationwhich occurs when the temperature drops and kinetic (motion) energy of molecules is reducedallows molecules to pack more tightly than in liquid form, giving the solid a greater density than the liquid. Why do the fastest-moving molecules leave the liquid? Gaw, W.J. If a liquid uses 40 Joules of heat to vaporize two moles of liquid, what is the heat of vaporization? Vaporization is the stage of an element or compound turning to a gaseous state from the liquid state. 2021 by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce Part 3. Hv = q / m. Wherein, Hv = vaporization heat. Though, the term is not well-defined; however, this term applies to processes in which there is also significant melting. . Waters lower density in its solid form is due to the way hydrogen bonds are oriented as it freezes. K. See also. The Internal Heat of Vaporization constants of thirty pure substances, 2. There are two types of vaporization and they are evaporation and boiling. Trans. Some formhydrogen bonds, while other substances form other types of mild bonds between molecules. Vaporization occurs when a laser heats the material above or equivalent to its boiling point. what is the difference between heat and temperature? . Why is it important that water has a high heat of vaporization? Database and to verify that the data contained therein have ; Taylor, W.J. Chem. J. Chem. ; Fink, H.L., ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein [all data], Marinichev and Susarev, 1965, 2 Eng. Heat is how fast the molecules are moving in a given object. Abt. Ans: The enthalpy of vaporization, i.e., symbolized as Hvap, is known as the latent heat of vaporization/heat of evaporation. I'm afraid I can't articulate my question above or my current understanding below very well.. Chem. Soc., 1942, 64, 2482-2485. No tracking or performance measurement cookies were served with this page. Ans: The enthalpy of vaporization, i.e., symbolized as H vap, is known as the latent heat of vaporization/heat of evaporation.It is the amount of energy or enthalpy added to a liquid substance to transform a given quantity of that substance into a gas phase. Handbook of the Thermodynamics of Organic Compounds, 1987, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3173-2 (Leipzig), 1973, 253, 43-48. J. Chem. . These bonds hold the molecules together. by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. InChI=1S/C12H18/c1-2-4-6-8-10-12-11-9-7-5-3-1/h1-2,7-10H,3-6,11-12H2/b2-1-,9-7+,10-8+, National Institute of Standards and Direct link to PAlex's post I'll try my best to answe. Heat of Vaporization - Chemistry LibreTexts Commun., 1973, 38, 12, 3539-3543, https://doi.org/10.1135/cccc19733539 4. But here goes.. What if you drop a solid into a liquid and they both have the same density. the Copyright for NIST Standard Reference Data is governed by ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein Bull. Chem. . All rights reserved. [all data], Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987 errors or omissions in the Database. Methods and Apparatus Used at the Bureau of Physicochemical Standards XV. ; Szasa, G.J. Part 3.?Excess Gibbs free energy of the system hexafluorobenzene + cyclohexane, q = heat. Biology Dictionary. Faraday Soc., 1968, 64, 637, https://doi.org/10.1039/tf9686400637 ; Wilhelm, E.; Grolier, J.-P.E., Bildungsenthalpien und mesomerieenergien von -bindungssystemen, McCullough, J.P.; Person, W.B. Ruehrwein, R.A.; Huffman, H.M., . [all data], Bondi, 1963 Learn a new word every day. Am. My question relates to it taking such a small amount of additional energy to raise the temperature 75 degrees when compared to raising it 10 degrees.. In lakes and ponds, a layer of ice forms on top of the liquid water, creating an insulating barrier that protects the animals and plant life in the pond below from freezing. AIChE Symp. They are still, but why not close enough to each other to make a dense body? Thermodynamic Properties of Binary Systems Containing Hexafluorobenzene. Part of the answer is that less dense materials conduct less heat, and thus slow down heat transfer. The vaporization of a liquid is closely associated with a significant increase in the distance between molecules and a reduction in their interactions. Zh. Data, 1989, 34, 332-335. and chemical property data is available from the In the last paragraph it says: "In lakes and ponds, a layer of ice forms on top of the liquid water, creating an insulating barrier". At higher pressures, more energy is required. To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. CAL - James S. Chickos, William E. Acree, Jr., Joel F. Liebman, Students of Chem 202 (Introduction to the Literature of Chemistry), University of Missouri -- St. Louis, vapH = A exp(-Tr) (U.S.), 1945, 35, 3, 219-244, https://doi.org/10.6028/jres.035.009 Handbook of the Thermodynamics of Organic Compounds, 1987, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3173-2 into the freezer, only to have it crack or explode as the liquid water inside froze and expanded. All rights reserved. [all data], Cruickshank and Cutler, 1967 Figure 1: Heat imparts energy into the system to overcome the intermolecular interactions that hold the liquid together to generate vapor. Bur. Prikl. Thermochimica Acta, 1995, 249, 113-120, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031(95)90678-9 ; Susarev, M.P., vapH = Majer, V.; Svoboda, V., Branched Alkanes and Cycloalkanes, ; Taylor, W.J. ; Rossini, F.D., Ref. [all data], Teja and Anselme, 1990 This causes water to easily vaporize, which helps humidify the world. InChI=1S/C12H18/c1-2-4-6-8-10-12-11-9-7-5-3-1/h1-2,7-10H,3-6,11-12H2/b2-1-,9-7+,10-8+, National Institute of Standards and The boiling point varies with the pressure of the environment or the atmospheric pressure. Z. Phys. ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein [all data], Ziegler and Andrews, 1942 Hence, the temperature at which boiling occurs is the boiling temperature or boiling point. Post the Definition of heat of vaporization to Facebook, Share the Definition of heat of vaporization on Twitter, More than 250,000 words that aren't in our free dictionary, Expanded definitions, etymologies, and usage notes. My question is related to the first question listed. The amount of energy required is a function of the pressure at which the transformation takes place, and is temperature dependent. Direct link to svetlana4ered's post But why is the distance b, Posted a year ago. Direct link to ironnerfer's post Heat is how fast the mole, Posted 4 years ago. Data, 1989, 34, 332-335. "Heat of Vaporization." In a liquid, the molecules move past each other but are constantly interacting. [all data], Simon, 1957 The answer seems to contradict what I thought I had learned 50 years ago in high school physics. Eng. The pressure of the saturated vapor is expressed in mmHg; this pressure is also called the saturated vapor pressure. Khim. STAN., 1945, 35, 3, 219-17, https://doi.org/10.6028/jres.035.009 Chem. Direct link to Ivana - Science trainee's post The layer which is most c, Posted 3 years ago. Ser., 1974, 70, 140, 14-21. [all data], Majer and Svoboda, 1985 Kerns, W.J. Soc. Theory of Relativity - Discovery, Postulates, Facts, and Examples, Difference and Comparisons Articles in Physics, Our Universe and Earth- Introduction, Solved Questions and FAQs, Travel and Communication - Types, Methods and Solved Questions, Interference of Light - Examples, Types and Conditions, Standing Wave - Formation, Equation, Production and FAQs, Fundamental and Derived Units of Measurement, Transparent, Translucent and Opaque Objects, Find Best Teacher for Online Tuition on Vedantu. The Vapour Pressures, Specific Volumes and Critical Constants of Hexamethylene., Database and to verify that the data contained therein have For instance, the specific heat capacity of water is about five times greater than that of sand. ; Pignocco, J.M. Dong, Jin-Quan; Lin, Rui-Sen; Yen, Wen-Hsing, J. Chem. The amount of heat needed to be added to a substance from the environment. A small magnitude of electric current is supplied to the cell. Chem. Eng. Evaporation occurs at temperatures lower than the boiling temperature at a given pressure, it always occurs on the surface. When a system captures hear from its surroundings, there is a temperature rise. [all data], Aston, Szasa, et al., 1943 Stephenson, Richard M.; Malanowski, Stanislaw, and Informatics, Vibrational and/or electronic energy levels, Computational Chemistry Comparison and Benchmark Database, NIST / TRC Web Thermo Tables, "lite" edition (thermophysical and thermochemical data), NIST / TRC Web Thermo Tables, professional edition (thermophysical and thermochemical data). Eng. Standard Reference Data Act. Because it is less dense, ice floats on the surface of liquid water, as we see for an iceberg or the ice cubes in a glass of iced tea. J. Chem. [all data], Jones, 1960 J. Phys. uses its best efforts to deliver a high quality copy of the The heat capacities, entropies and free energies of some saturated, non-benzenoid hydrocarbons,

heat of vaporization of cddt 2023