/StructParents 7 303 0 R 304 0 R 305 0 R 306 0 R 307 0 R 308 0 R 309 0 R 310 0 R 311 0 R 312 0 R How did the experimenters increase inter-group hostility between the two groups of boys? /Contents 45 0 R When processing with System 1 which start automatically without control, people expend little or even no effort, but can generate complex patterns of ideas. The motivated tactician approach The cognitive miser approach The nave scientist approach None of the above. endobj -Americans had no problems with the original tst, easterners struggled until the second test when there was a group setting. << The wave of research on attributional biases done by Kahneman, Tversky and others effectively ended the dominance of Heider's nave scientist within social psychology. What is what? 5*#H-B^]gOh #xQfy%^0X(?N,S )? This second effect helped to lay the foundation for Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser. The implications of this theory raise important questions about both cognition and human behavior. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] What variables influence whether or not people conform? 70413 lego - Der TOP-Favorit unserer Produkttester. Which of the following is a theoretical example of a consistency seeker model of social cognition? /F4 24 0 R 2 . [2] [3] The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. 500 500 500 500 500 500 278 0 0 0 Houd . a. 15 0 R 16 0 R 17 0 R] /FontDescriptor 363 0 R [28] [29] The less expertise citizens have on an issue initially, the more likely they will rely on these shortcuts. [9][pageneeded], In order to meet these needs, nave scientists make attributions. [34], The theory that human beings are cognitive misers, also shed light on the dual process theory in psychology. We weren't able to detect the audio language on your flashcards. Acting as a cognitive miser should lead those with expertise in an area to more efficient information processing and streamlined decision making. >> /F2 22 0 R It is, in many ways, a unifying theory which suggests that humans engage in economically prudent thought processes, instead of acting like scientists who rationally weigh costs and benefits, test hypothesis, and update expectations based upon the results of the experiments that are our everyday actions. /F4 24 0 R endobj Ex) slightly unprejudiced becomes less prejudiced and vice versa. Rectilinear motion The height above ground (in feet) of a ball thrown vertically into the air is given by. (a) 2xdxx21\int \frac{2 x d x}{x^2\ -\ 1}x212xdx \qquad(b) 2xdx(x21)2\int \frac{2 x d x}{\left(x^2\ -\ 1\right)^2}(x21)22xdx, ( c ) 3xdxx21\int \frac{3 x d x}{\sqrt{x^2\ -\ 1}}x213xdx \qquad (d) 3xdxx21\int \frac{3 x d x}{x^2\ -\ 1}x213xdx. Interests require cognitive attention, even calculation. >> ETSU Online Programs - http://www.etsu.edu/onlineModule 4 - Social Psychology: Cognitive Misers, Schemas, & Social CognitionMOD 04 EP 15 260 0 R 261 0 R] [37], The dual processing system can produce cognitive illusions. /Keywords (Social Cognition From Brains to Culture;Fiske;2nd Edition;Test Bank) /F3 23 0 R When processing with System 2, people allocate attention to effortful mental activities required, and can construct thoughts in an orderly series of steps. /GS8 28 0 R -Ex Chinese immigrants for making the railroads. the degree to which something is extreme) is -People are less likely to conform when at least one person states the correct answer. 101 0 R 102 0 R 103 0 R 104 0 R 105 0 R 106 0 R 107 0 R 108 0 R 109 0 R 110 0 R >> >> [15] Fiske and Taylor, building upon the prevalence of heuristics in human cognition, offered their theory of the cognitive miser. /Filter /FlateDecode /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /S /Transparency objects can be similar or dissimilar on an infinite number of dimensions. That is, habitual cooperators assume most of the others as cooperators, and habitual defectors assume most of the others as defectors. /F3 23 0 R -Analytical thinking: focuses on objects, central figure. In other words, this theory suggests that humans are, in fact, both naive scientists and cognitive misers. PSYC 137 Chapter 1-6 - Summary Social Cognition: From Brains to Culture - PSYC 137 Chapter 1: Point: - StuDocu Chapters 1-6 psyc 137 chapter notes chapter introduction main point: nave psychology and cognitive psychology are themes in social cognition research. /Tabs /S /Group << too much on mibd = heuristics 3) importance - heuristics better for estimates, if decison is important become a naive scientist 4) information level - if have all necessary info = become naive scientist /Resources << % 0 0 0 0 0 0 278 0 500 500 How do dissonance reduction and self-justification affect prejudice and discrimination? a. What are its consequences? [2] In other words, humans are more inclined to act as cognitive misers using mental short cuts to make assessments and decisions, about issues and ideas about which they know very little as well as issues of great salience. /Type /Pages /F1 21 0 R The basic principle is to save mental energy as much as possible, even when it is required to "use your head". "[19] In their work, Kahneman and Tversky demonstrated that people rely upon different types of heuristics or mental short cuts in order to save time and mental energy. Cognitive miser Wiki - everipedia.org /ExtGState << What Is Cognitive Miser? | Ifioque.com An event is detected to violate the model of world that System 1 maintains. /Type /ExtGState [2] [3], The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. Later models suggest that the cognitive miser and the nave scientist create two poles of social cognition that are too monolithic. /Font << /Resources << [39] Kruglanski proposed that people are combination of nave scientists and cognitive misers: people are flexible social thinkers who choose between multiple cognitive strategies (i.e., speed/ease vs. accuracy/logic) based on their current goals, motives, and needs. Positive impressions are typically formed in the absence of any(negative) information, more easily changed in light of subsequent negative info, Negative impressions are formed when there is any sign ofnegative information, difficult to change in light of subsequent positive information, we are biased towards negativity WHY? We'll bring you back here when you are done. Nave Scientists vs Cognitive Misers In 1958, Australian psychologist Fritz Heider proposed that there are 2 fundamental needs as humans that we need to fulfil (in order to survive): The need to understand the world The need to control the world around us -It is a social issue, what is the societal problem? /F2 22 0 R << endobj -Out group: (them) |k, y+zSe(S")0(|c^$i)}`#_~:ppq(i.kyo(|49R;e3!q|k0d8zhT6ax Five general views of the thinker emerge in social psychology: consistency seeker, nave scientist, cognitive miser, motivated tactician, and activated actor. -In-group bias: tendency to favor individuals within our group over those from outside our group /S /Transparency >> >> >> partner, friend, parent, celebrities), Role schema: knowledge structures about role occupants(e.g. 186 0 R 187 0 R 188 0 R 189 0 R 190 0 R 191 0 R 192 0 R 193 0 R] -Eastern: interdependent self, permeable relational, in the context of relationships with other people [8] In this way, humans were thought to think like scientists, albeit nave ones, measuring and analyzing the world around them. /F2 22 0 R others. 0 444 0 722 667 667 722 611 556 722 The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. /Tabs /S nave scientist cognitive miser motivated tactician outgroup homogeneity Previous question Next question /GS7 27 0 R AVERSIVE /F1 21 0 R 611 500 556 722 0 0 0 556 0 0 The cognitive miser theory is an . However, other psychologists also argue that the cognitively miserly tendency of humans is a primary reason why "humans are often less than rational". /StructParents 2 /Annots [34 0 R] People have trouble in imagining how small failings can pile up to form a catastrophe; People tend to get accustomed to risk. What percentage showed complete compliance? << /Slide /Part What is the actor-observer bias? /F4 24 0 R /Footnote /Note << /Contents 43 0 R /Type /Group Our pages contain various quotes with which our editorial team does not always agree. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] category based and other attribute based, on this continuum people can be perceived April 2013 . /StructParents 8 /P 3 0 R As cognitive simplification, it is useful for realistic economic management, otherwise people will be overwhelmed by the complexity of the real rationales. /GS7 27 0 R /F1 21 0 R This second effect helped to lay the foundation for Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser. 214 0 R 215 0 R 216 0 R 217 0 R] /StructParents 5 /Contents 35 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] 8 [240 0 R 241 0 R 242 0 R 243 0 R 244 0 R 245 0 R 246 0 R 247 0 R 248 0 R 249 0 R naive scientist cognitive miser motivated tactician Consistency seeker we want consistency between prior beliefs about the world and our interpretations of new situations Naive scientist individuals gather relevant information un-selectively and construct social reality in an unbiased way Cognitive miser [15][pageneeded]. -Cognitive component: stereotypes 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -Fundamental attribution error: tendency to overestimate the impact of dispositional influences (enduring characterisitcs like personality) on other people's behavior. /Type /StructTreeRoot /Parent 2 0 R /Tabs /S [21] Unless the cognitive environment meets certain requirements, we will try to avoid thinking as much as possible. Introducing Cram Folders! instead, they are strategic in their allocation of cognitive resources, deciding whether to b a cognitive miser or a naive scientist depending on the situation: Term. [9], In order to meet these needs, nave scientists make attributions. Fiske and Taylor argue that acting as cognitive misers is rational due to the sheer volume and intensity of information and stimuli humans intake. -Cognitive dissonance: an unpleasant state of tension between two or more conflicting thoughts, -Self perception theory: theory that we acquire our attitudes by observing our behaviors /BaseFont /Times#20New#20Roman#2CItalic /F6 26 0 R For example, people tend to make correspondent reasoning and are likely to believe that behaviors should be correlated to or representative of stable characteristics. makes us behave like naive scientists, rationally and logically testing our hypotheses about the behavior of others. >> -In group: (us) [9] Some of these heuristics include: The frequency with which Kahneman and Tversky and other attribution researchers found the individuals employed mental shortcuts to make decisions and assessments laid important groundwork for the overarching idea that individuals and their minds act efficiently instead of analytically. -Within group: underestimate differences within groups, view their group as heterogeneous /F1 21 0 R [>>>] What is "lowballing?" /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] Bats, balls, and substitution sensitivity: cognitive misers are no happy fools . How did the Robber's Cave researchers reduce inter-group hostility? 10.3758/s13423-013-0384-5 . /Resources << What are its three components of prejudice? 25 0 obj [13], Although Lippmann did not directly define the term cognitive miser, stereotypes have important functions in simplifying people's thinking process. What is the best treatment for groupthink? Fiske and Taylor argue that acting as cognitive misers is rational due to the sheer volume and intensity of information and stimuli humans intake. Journalize Versailles Co.s entries to record the payment. endobj -Behavioral tendencies: (avoidance, active discrimination), -Stereotype: a positive or negative belief about the characteristics of a group that is applied generally to most members of that group. endobj as. Lippmann therefore suggested that the public "cannot be wise", since they can be easily misled by overly simplified reality which is consistent with their pre-existing pictures in mind, and any disturbance of the existing stereotypes will seem like "an attack upon the foundation of the universe". If people are viewed as consistency-seekers, then their cognition is influenced by: Subjective inconsistency Objective inconsistency Attributional inconsistency A and C 11. /S /Transparency 23417270. free . [24], Lack of public support towards emerging techniques are commonly attributed to lack of relevant information and the low scientific literacy among the public. -Attention: Americans focus on objects, Japanese focused on the context (spatial orientation) One of the more naive efforts at such reconciliation . Cognitive misers usually act in two ways: by ignoring part of the information to reduce their own cognitive load, or by overusing some kind of information to avoid finding more information. >> >> /Font << Sometimes leads us to hold on to incorrect and negativebeliefs/schemas. >> /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Parent 2 0 R /Type /Group endobj -Conformity: submission to a social influence, alter behavior from group pressures. -Meta Analysis: looks at findings over multiple studies [4] Usually people do not think rationally or cautiously, but use cognitive shortcuts to make inferences and form judgments. >> CallUrl('www>macmillanihe>com /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /F1 21 0 R /CS /DeviceRGB When processing with System 2, people allocate attention to effortful mental activities required, and can construct thoughts in an orderly series of steps. /ModDate (D:20160705122909+07'00') Known as the knowledge deficit model, this point of view is based on idealistic assumptions that education for science literacy could increase public support of science, and the focus of science communication should be increasing scientific understanding among lay public. Introduce and define the consistency seeker, nave scientist, endobj z^DIur0rPZaH4mtBg\J7.Wz6lVhm YPvkQ~r`(a`qZb5T&i@yWm0p7&qVC&lRi@Fj\35N#i#`F /1b|U << /CS /DeviceRGB That is, habitual cooperators assume most of the others as cooperators, and habitual defectors assume most of the others as defectors. Voters use small amounts of personal information to construct a narrative about candidates. self-interest), BUT even in ideal circumstances, people are not very careful scientists & still make errors, people are limited in capacity to process information, take numerous cognitive shortcuts, MOTIVATED TACTICIAN: people have multiple cognitive strategiesavailable, from which they choose on the basis of personal goals,motives, and needs, e.g. /Contents 40 0 R . c. Cognitive miser model d. Nave scientist model 6. New York . Contrast the wage and salary share to the profit share in terms of relative size. The basic principle is to save mental energy as much as possible, even when it is required to "use your head". /F4 24 0 R central traits that affect interpretation of later traits? Describe his findings. /Creator (alibabadownload.com) What is cognitive dissonance? be a cognitive miser, and second categorization clarifies and redefines our /F3 23 0 R >> This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. /Contents 37 0 R Daniel Kahneman described these as intuitive (System 1) and reasoning (System 2) respectively.[35]. /Tabs /S [9][pageneeded] In this sense people are strategic instead of passively choosing the most effortless shortcuts when they allocate their cognitive efforts, and therefore they can decide to be nave scientists or cognitive misers depending on their goals. 293 0 R 294 0 R 295 0 R 296 0 R 297 0 R 298 0 R 299 0 R 300 0 R 301 0 R 302 0 R endobj 238 0 R 239 0 R] -"I told the other participant I liked the task and I got pad only one dollar to do so, so I must've actually liked it". /F2 22 0 R An event is detected to violate the model of world that System 1 maintains. Naive scientistHeider (1958a) argued that ordinary people are scientific, rational thinkers who make causal attributions using similar processes to those of scientists.NarcissismIndividual differences variable characterized by extremely high but insecure levels of self-esteem. Framing theory suggest that the same topic will result in different interpretations among audience, if the information is presented in different ways. Motivation does affect the activation and use of stereotypes and prejudices.[38]. What is deindividuation? What are behavioral consequences of the threat of isolation? >> << /Producer /GS8 28 0 R People have trouble in imagining how small failings can pile up to form a catastrophe; People tend to get accustomed to risk. /StructParents 11 0 0 0 0 0 278 0 0 500 0 According to WalterLippmann's arguments in his classic book PublicOpinion,[13] people are not equipped to deal with complexity. traits associated with the stereotype. Jennifer A. . 2 0 obj<>stream 62 0 R 63 0 R 64 0 R 65 0 R 66 0 R 67 0 R 68 0 R 69 0 R 70 0 R 71 0 R /Font << [30] Further, people spend less cognitive effort in buying toothpaste than they do when picking a new car, and that difference in information-seeking is largely a function of the costs.[31]. /K [20 0 R] What is the Fundamental Attribution Error? -Simple tasks: surrounded by people during a simple task makes us perform better Psych Guide #11 - Social Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] What characterizes the peripheral route and what kinds of decisions are involved? << -Lowballing: getting people to commit to a certain amount >> 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 278] Which is viewed as more heterogeneous? /F3 23 0 R as a representative of a group or an individual separate from any category What is culture? How does holistic thinking differ from analytical thinking? The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain how and why people are cognitive misers. /Group << naive scientist vs cognitive miser - canorthrup.com Lippmann therefore suggested that the public "cannot be wise", since they can be easily misled by overly simplified reality which is consistent with their pre-existing pictures in mind, and any disturbance of the existing stereotypes will seem like "an attack upon the foundation of the universe". 500 0 0 389 278] 19 0 obj A practical example of cognitive misers' way of thinking in risk assessment of Deepwater Horizon explosion, is presented below. The cognitive miser theory did not originally specify the role of motivation. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 can use quick, automatic heuristics without deliberating in some contexts & controlled, effortful thinking with carefuldeliberation in others, SOCIAL NEUROSCIENCE Explores the neurologicalunderpinnings of processestraditionally examined by socialpsychology, use of fMRI to study brainphenomena, e.g. /Type /Page Much of the cognitive miser theory is built upon work done on heuristicsinjudgmentanddecision-making,[15][pageneeded] most notably AmosTversky and DanielKahneman results published in a series of influential articles. -1 in 5 people exhibit racist attitudes, MODERN: cognitive De Neys . Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. [7], Before Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser theory, the predominant model of social cognition was the nave scientist. ORDER EFFECTS: order in which information about person is presented can have profound impact on impression, Primacy: information presented first disproportionately influenceimpression (stronger & more common). endobj >> 4,000 & 9,000 \\ >> List and Describe the Algebraic Impression Formation types: The whole is greater than the sum of its parts. -Cognitive Misers: take shortcuts whenever possible, value ease and efficiency at the expense of accuracy. >> The instances of weeping in the book of Jeremiah are so vivid that Jeremiah is known as "the weeping prophet," but God weeps more frequently in the book. endobj [29][30] The less expertise citizens have on an issue initially, the more likely they will rely on these shortcuts. /Type /Group /Resources << 111 0 R 112 0 R 113 0 R] adopting a cognitive miser approach but however if the target is not a good fit On the other hand, in Lippmann's view, people are told about the world before they see it. A history of social cognition. - APA PsycNET What is the difference between them? 228 0 R 229 0 R 230 0 R 231 0 R 232 0 R 233 0 R 234 0 R 235 0 R 236 0 R 237 0 R attribution theory participants can and do use complex systems but only under What is the Twenty Statements Test (TST)? 343 0 R 344 0 R 345 0 R 346 0 R 347 0 R 348 0 R 349 0 R 350 0 R 351 0 R 352 0 R] 149 0 R 150 0 R 151 0 R 152 0 R 153 0 R 154 0 R 155 0 R 156 0 R 157 0 R 158 0 R Describe Anchoring & Adjustment Heuristic: audio not yet available for this language, NAIVE SCIENTIST: people use rational scientific-like cause-effectanalyses to understand the world, COGNITIVE MISER: people use the least complex & demandingcognitions that are able to produce generally adaptivebehaviours, IMPRESSION FORMATION: the way in which we developperceptions of a person, Personality Recency: information presented later has more impact thanearlier information, Self schema: individualised knowledge structures about the self, {"cdnAssetsUrl":"","site_dot_caption":"Cram.com","premium_user":false,"premium_set":true,"payreferer":"clone_set","payreferer_set_title":"Week 3 Social Psychology","payreferer_url":"\/flashcards\/copy\/week-3-social-psychology-7549740","isGuest":true,"ga_id":"UA-272909-1","facebook":{"clientId":"363499237066029","version":"v12.0","language":"en_US"}}. basically pick one or the other depending on which one the situation favours. PSYC 137 Chapter 1-6 - Summary Social Cognition: From Brains to Culture 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 0 0 0 Transcribed image text: Question 33 (Mandatory) (1 point) The perspective that our needs, values, or goals at a given time impact our categorization of other people is known as the view. /Parent 2 0 R /Type /Page Categories are in some way ultimate heuristics, they can be [39][originalresearch? 333 500 500 278 278 500 278 778 500 500 endobj /CreationDate (D:20151205122909+07'00') [5] [6] These shortcuts include the use of schemas, scripts, stereotypes, and other simplified perceptual strategies instead of careful thinking. << Just as a miser seeks to avoid spending money, the human mind often seeks to avoid spending congnitive effort. stream Define 'groupthink' and describe its symptoms and impact on decision making. 0 333 0 500 0 444 500 444 500 444 << -Holistic thinking: focuses on the surroundings, central figure and foreground (John, Hampson, & Goldberg, Theories about the human personality have been brought up since the early ages of psychology. Congratulations on this excellent venture what a great idea! [8] In this way, humans were thought to think like scientists, albeit nave ones, measuring and analyzing the world around them. /Title (Social Cognition From Brains to Culture 2nd Edition Fiske Test Bank) -Dissonance: being aware of bad behaviors, conflicting behaviors or beliefs. /F1 21 0 R Nave Scientist: need to form a coherent view of the world &to gain control over the environmentAttributions: need to attribute causes to effects and to create a meaningful, stable world where things makesense, clear, definable, predictable. [16][17][18] Heuristics can be defined as the "judgmental shortcuts that generally get us where we need to goand quicklybut at the cost of occasionally sending us off course. /CS /DeviceRGB /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Group << ->paying an increase of the original price for extras What is the power of single vivid instances? 29 0 obj -Discrimination:negative behavior to members of out groups. 272 0 R 273 0 R 274 0 R 275 0 R 276 0 R 277 0 R 278 0 R 279 0 R 280 0 R 281 0 R In par-ticular, this need . [30] Framing theory suggest that the same topic will result in different interpretations among audience, if the information is presented in different ways. 333 0 R 334 0 R 335 0 R 336 0 R 337 0 R 338 0 R 339 0 R 340 0 R 341 0 R 342 0 R -Exploit the minority to gain your own resources /Contents [46 0 R 47 0 R 48 0 R 49 0 R 50 0 R] 6,000 & 7,000 \\ /Length 2864 5 0 obj Question 7 15 15 points what general approach to Here is an example of how people's belief are formed under the dual process model in several steps: The reasoning process can be activated to help with the intuition when: Conflicts also exists in this dual-process. /Annotation /Sect Add to folder You have created 2 folders. -How humans think and behave like they do, Briefly describe the history of this area of psychology. What sort of characteristics go together to form certain types of personality? To save cognitive energy, cognitive misers tend to assume that other people are similar to themselves. Therefore, we try to spend as little as possible in most caseswe are misers who try to protect our resources for important judgments. According to Walter Lippmann's arguments in his classic book Public Opinion,[13] people are not equipped to deal with complexity. /Type /Group How did Milgram study obedience? /Group << 8 0 obj /BaseFont /Times-Bold [2] [3] The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. Before this, human thinking was. /Tabs /S >> /BaseFont /Times#20New#20Roman Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is Copyright 2009-2022, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. -WEIRD: White, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic The implications of this theory raise important questions about both cognition and humanbehavior. /CS /DeviceRGB /S /Transparency When can it enhance social behavior? /Resources << Question 7 1.5 / 1.5 points What general approach to studying and thinking about person perception assumes that people will generally put in little effort to thinking about the causes of other people's behavior? /CS /DeviceRGB 3 [114 0 R 115 0 R 116 0 R 117 0 R 118 0 R 119 0 R 120 0 R 121 0 R 122 0 R 123 0 R 0 0 250 333 250 278 500 500 500 500 >> "[22] In democracies, where no vote is weighted more or less because of the expertise behind its casting, low-information voters, acting as cognitive misers, can have broad and potentially deleterious choices for a society. /Parent 2 0 R What is the Sensation vs Perception Bias? /Resources << /F3 23 0 R