Formal, repetitive, stereotyped behaviour; based on a liturgical order. 2. They are given special privileges as well as special restrictions. totemism. If the market amount is less than the recorded cost of the inventory, then record the LCM adjustment to the Merchandise Inventory account. 1858-d. 1917) is regarded, alongside Max Weber, as a founder of the discipline of sociology. Because of the diverse subject matter it encompasses, anthropology has become, especially since the middle of the 20th century, a collection of . Calculate the lower of cost or market for the inventory applied separately to each item. Weave Christian doctrine with aboriginal beliefs. Puberty rituals are typical of rites of passage and are an important part of many cultures process of adult identity formation. "Aluna" is a parallel ethereal realm which mirrors the physical world -> exchanges are made in order to maintain fertility and cycles of existence, - concept of "communitas" to describe the unstructured, egalitarian, human relatedness The presence of stone mounds or "carins" associated with Neanderthals, Cognitive/intellectual theories for the emergence of religion, Ways of explaining phenomena like floods or eclipses in absence of scientific understandings of earth's processes, Social theories for the emergence of religion. - Totem-ism: any situation in which a special relationship was thought to exist between a social group and one or more classes of material objects, specifically animals, plants, and other natural phenomena - the Kogi consider themselves the elder brother who regard the mother earth as sacred -> it is their duty to convince younger brother to stop killing the Earth Monogamy, the union between two individuals, is the most common form of marriage. If the child gains $3 \mathrm{lb}$ while remaining the same height, by how much will the surface area of the child's body increase. Answer: Sociology and Anthropology are social science disciplines that focus on studying the behavior of humans within their societies. What is an example of holistic anthropology? Some of the sand is given to spectators, who see it as sacred and may keep it on their home altars, while the remaining sand is poured into a flowing body of water. - Functionalism based on the society. One important characteristic of ritual is that it always has religious overtones. \hline \text { Total } & 2336.92 & 52 & & & \\ What religion did he cite as evidence for his argument? \hspace{10pt}\text{Variable cost of goods manufactured (500,000 units x \$14 per unit)}&\$\hspace{5pt}7,000,000\\ T/F: Many anthropologists have argued that there is a relationship between the emergence of monotheism and the increasing social and political complexity of certain pre-historic societies. She figured that power is accorded to the sex that is thought to embody the forces that a group is dependent on. People are often dressed alike to underplay sexuality. Many of the various types of rituals that can be found in cultures and traditions throughout the world share common themes, patterns, and purpose. 2. SourceofVariationSSdfMSFp-valueBetweenGroups1034.512517.2619.864.49E07WithinGroups1302.415026.05Total2336.9252\begin{array}{|l|c|c|c|c|c|} Rites of passage are seen as a movement from structure to anti-structure and back again to structure. Seen in states. Consider the experimental results for the following randomized block design. Tylor believed that more science=less ____. Arose with state organizations and marked social stratification. Sequences of words and actions invented prior to the current performance of the ritual in which they occur. More science=less animism. In a personal ritual, the beneficiary is generally the person who performs it. Lack the hierarchical structure of earlier monotheistic religions. an approach to anthropology studying human societies as systematic sums of their parts, as integrated wholes. Inquiring into the relationship between the divine, sacred, and the social order, and attendant beliefs, movements, and institutions are some of the oldest questions in Anthropology and continue to be some of the most relevant to the modern world. The founder of the anthropology of religion. Lack full time religious specialists, they believe in several deities (polytheism) who control aspects of nature. Animals figure in religious belief and practice in various ways, including all but which of the following? Can be animals, plants or geographic feathers. Use examples. 2. Religion and social life are inseparable, there is no clear division between the 'sacred' and 'profane', List three characteristics of World religions, 1. An example of the latter is a ritual done to purify or sanctify a place or object. Curing is often accomplished by restructuring a disorder in a mythic world --> religious rituals open up everyday life to reality Thought religion came from people trying to understand conditions and events the could not explain. +thought of them as racially pure After reading chapters 1 and 2, can you guess where the author did much of his ethnographic fieldwork? 2. and "What role do religions play in a society? prayers to request the forgiveness of sins. Earliest form of religion, belief in spiritual beings. Jane considers herself to be a rather conservative investor. + vitality and its transformation 1. A kind of religion. \text{Variable cost of goods sold:}\\ & & \text { A } & \text { B } & \text { C } \\ Instead, it suggests that a myth's emphasis on setting up and then resolving conflicts reflects the binary structure of the mind and of human thought. Englishman 1871-1958. At the same time, it elevates their status within that society. For example college years. Mailowski was functionalist in 2 senses: 1. Westerners do not usually consider that religion is the basis of morality. They can be seen in many forms of animal life, from ants to humans. If an action is risky, and the outcome uncertain (but important to the group or individual) then there will be greater use of ritual associated with it. The more common elements and themes are discussed below. Early anthropological study of religion was guided by social theory that was informed by evolutionary biology. The indigenous mind is going to be different than the ethnographer's mind --> There will not always be a single explanation for phenomena Rituals called rites of passage mark ones transition through the various stages in life, from as early as conception throughout life until death, and even afterwards. Washington, DC: University Press of America. **Requirements** It is simple, elegant and well supported through time. Are social acts. + trans-formative power (symbolic by nature). It can be tapped into by humans through ritual and experience. Sales(420,000units)Variablecostofgoodssold:Variablecostofgoodsmanufactured(500,000unitsx$14perunit)Lessendinginventory(80,000unitsx$14perunit)VariablecostofgoodssoldManufacturingmarginVariablesellingandadministrativeexpensesContributionmarginFixedcosts:FixedmanufacturingcostsFixedsellingandadministrativeexpensesIncomefromoperations$7,000,0001,120,000$160,00075,000$7,450,0005,880,000$1,570,00080,000$1,490,000235,000$1,255,000. Rejecting the modern for a presumed earlier, purer, better way. \text{Variable selling and administrative expenses}&&\underline{\hspace{25pt}80,000}\\ Mana + worked with Hindu people; analysis of purity rules (The caste system as a symbolic system), Has put forth the most comprehensive model for the psycho-biological effects of placebos. Your chapter provides several reasons that animals are important as symbols, how do Structuralists see them? \text{Net income} & \$\hspace{5pt}38,000 & \text{Depreciation expense} & \$ 13,000\\ Religious rituals have additional deeply rooted meanings and functions, and they also serve as public or private displays of ones commitment to and faith in a system of beliefs. They are to be performed with the hope, but not guarantee, that the supernatural being who is propitiated will grant forgiveness. In such cases, the beneficiary of the ritual will likely pay the officiant, with money or goods, for the rituals performed. "Theories are analytical tools for understanding, explaining, and making predictions about a given subject matter" (1). A teacher wants to know if nightmares are more common than dreams. Journalize the receipt of cash for the maturity value of the note on March 16, Receipt No. Movements aimed at altering or revitalizing society. 3. Mediate between people and supernatural beings and forces. 450 Jane Stanford Way \text{Loss on sale of land} & 20,000 & \text{Payment of dividends} & 7,400\\ May be marked ritually and symbolically by reversals of ordinary behaviour. \end{aligned} Sanday wanted a general theory on the inequality of the sexes. A principle of nonviolence that forbids the killing of animals generally. emphasized summarizing symbols, which represent complex sets of ideas, and elaborating metaphors, including root metaphors and key scenarios, ritual involving the manipulation of religious symbols such as prayers, offerings, and readings of sacred literature, rituals that are required to be performed, rituals that arise spontaneously, frequently in times of crisis, rituals performed on a regular basis as part of a religious calendar, rituals performed when a particular need arises, such as a marriage or a death, rituals that attempt to influence or control nature, hunting and gathering rites of intensification, rituals that influence nature in the quest for food, rituals designed to protect the safety of people engaged in dangerous activities, rituals that seek information about the unknown, healing rituals; rituals that deal with illness, accident, and death, rituals that bring about illness, accident, or death, rituals that serve to maintain the normal functioning of a community, rituals that delineate codes of proper behavior and articulate the community's worldview, rituals that accompany changes in an individual's status in society, rituals that focus on the elimination of alien customs and a return to a native way of life, gifts or even bribes, or economic exchange designed to influence the supernatural, the anthropological study of medicinal plants, each position in a series of positions, each one defined in terms of appropriate behavior, rights and obligations, and relationships to one another, the relative placement of each position in the society, a ceremony whereby a male child becomes a member of the Jewish community, the first phase of a rite of passage, in which the individual is removed from his or her former status, the second step in a rite of passage, during which several activities take place that bring about the change in status, the final phase in a rite of passage, during which the individual reenters normal society, though in a new social relationship, the state of ambiguous marginality during which the metamorphisis takes place during a rite of passage, a state in which there is a sense of equality, but the mere fact that a group of individuals is moving through the process together brings about a sense of community and camaraderie, in many traditional societies, the boys who are initiated together and form very close bonds, a specific status defined by age, such as warrior or elder, the removal of the labia minora along with the clitoris, the removal of the entire clitoris, labia minora, and labia majora and the sewing together of the remnants of the labia majora, leaving a small opening for urination and the passing of menstrual blood, an impersonal supernatural force that is found concentrated in special places in the landscape, in particular objects, and in certain people, a characteristic of most symbols: no direct connection with the thing they refer to, the ability to use symbols to refer to things and activities that are remote from the user, the feature of symbols allowing one to create a new symbol, such as a name, to refer to a new object, has a positive meaning such as prosperity and good luck, but most Americans and Europeans looking at it experience anger or dread, any five-sided figure, but generally used to refer to a five-pointed star, the symbol most clearly associated with Christianity, a word that is derived from the first letter of a series of words, a pipe through which a spirit moves from a tomb into a temple sanctuary during rituals, a religious system focusing on expressions of sacred time and space, the fusion of elements from two different cultures, instruments that are struck, shaken, or rubbed, instruments that incorporate a taut membrane or skin, instruments with taut strings that can be plucked or strummed, hit, or sawed, instruments where air is blown across or into some type of passageway, such as a pipe, the manipulation of supernatural power as a direct means of achieving an end, magic depends on the apparent association or agreement between things, things that were once in contact continue to be connected after the connection is severed, assumes there is a causal relationship between things that appear to be similar, based on the premise that things that were once in contact always maintain a connection, the practice of making an image to represent a living person or animal, which can then be killed or injured through doing things to the image, such as sticking pins into the image or burning it, fertility rituals that function to facilitate the successful reproduction of a totem animal, the belief that signs telling of a plant's medical use are somehow embedded within the structure and nature of the plant itself, an oral text that is transmitted without change; the slightest deviation from its traditional form would invalidate the magic, an object in which supernatural power resides, antisocial magic, used to interfere with the economic activities of others and to bring about illness and even death, a perceived revival of pre-Christian religious practices, techniques for obtaining information about things unknown, including events that will occur in the future, involves some type of spiritual experience such as a direct contact with a supernatural being through an altered state of consciousness, usually possession, more magical ways of doing divination, including the reading of natural events as well as the manipulation of oracular devices, refers to a specific device that is used for divination and can refer to inspiration or noninspirational forms, divination that happens without any conscious effort on the part of the individual, divination that someone sets out to do, such as reading tarot cards or examining the liver of a sacrificed animal, refers to divination through contact with the dead or ancestors, fortuitous happenings, or conditions that provide information, reading the path and form of a flight of birds, refers to chance meeting with an animal, such as a black cat crossing one's path, the examination of the entrails of sacrificed animals, the placing of bones in a fire and reading the patterns of burns and cracks to determine a response, the use of flour (as in fortune cookies) for divination, using a forked stick to locate water underground, the reading of the lines of the palm of the hand, the study of the shape and structure of the head, either fortuitous or deliberate, an altered state of consciousness in which a supernatural being (be it an ancestor, a ghost, a spirit, or a god) communicates through an individual, fortuitous in that the prophet receives information through a vision unexpectedly, without any necessary overt action on the part of the individual, the possession of a medium by a spirit who then speaks through the medium, people who undergo deliberate possession involving an overt action whereby the individual falls into a trance, painful and often life-threatening tests that a person who is suspected of guilt may be forced to undergo, such as dipping a hand into hot oil, swallowing poison, or having a red-hot knife blade pressed against some part of the body, the assumption of a causal relationship between celestial phenomenal and terrestrial ones and the influence that the stars and planets have on the lives of human beings, relatively simple forms of magical thinking that represent simple behaviors that directly bring about a simple result, such as carrying a good luck charm, receives his or her power directly from the spirit world; acquires status and abilities, such as healing, through personal communication with the supernatural during shamanic trances or altered states of consciousness, a central vertical axis that links the middle zone, the upper world, and the lower world; allows the movement of the shaman between the realm of the natural and supernatural, a technique of body movements, or magical passes, aiming to increase awareness of the energy fields that humans are made of, "the near universal methods of shamanism without a specific cultural perspective", focused on an individual, as opposed to the community, often as a self-help means of improving one's life; choose to participate and focus on what they consider the positive aspects of shamanism, as opposed to the traditionally recognized "dark side of shamanism", full-time religious specialists associated with formalized religious institutions that may be linked with kinship groups, communities, or larger political units; given religious authority by those units or by formal religious organizations, participate in activities similar to those of U.S. medical practitioners; may set bones, treat sprains with cold, or administer drugs made from native plants and other materials, specialists in the use of plant and other material as cures; may prescribe the materials to be administered or may provide the material as prescribed by a healer or diviner, someone who practices divination, a series of techniques and activities that are used to obtain information about things that are not normally knowable, a mouthpiece of the gods; communicates the words and will of the gods to his or her community and to act as an intermediary between the gods and the people, refers to individuals who have an innate ability to do evil, not depending on ritual to achieve his or her evil ends but simply willing misfortune to occur, a belief in the gratification of one's desires, a new awareness of something that exists in the environment, occurs when a person, using the technology at hand, comes up with a solution to a particular problem, the apparent movement of cultural traits from one society to another, the process of inventing a new trait through the receiving of an idea of one culture from another, the rapid change experienced by a subordinate culture as traits from a dominant culture are accepted, often at a rate that is too rapid to properly integrate the traits of the dominant culture into the subordinate culture, when the dominated society has changed so much that is has ceased to have its own distinct identity, a fusing of traits from two cultures to form something new and yet, at the same time, permit the retention of the old by subsuming the old into a new form, the dispersion of a people from their homeland, a religious or secular movement to bring about a change in society, manifesting as a result of a reaction to assimilation, develop in societies in which the cultural gap between the dominant and subordinate cultures is vast; these movements stress the elimination of the dominant culture and a return to the past, keeping the desirable elements of the dominant culture to which the society has been exposed, but with these elements now under the control of the subordinate culture, attempt to revive what is often perceived as a past golden age in which ancient customs come to symbolize the noble features and legitimacy of the repressed culture, based on a vision of change through an apocalyptic transformation, believe that a divine savior in human form will bring about the solution to the problems that exist within the society, a belief system among members of a relatively undeveloped society in which adherents practice superstitious rituals hoping to bring modern goods supplied by a more technologically advanced society, a grammatically simplified means of communication that develops between two or more groups that do not have a language in common, refers to the deteriorating quality of decisions made by an individual after a long session of decision making. Proposed religion evolved from animism-polytheism-monotheism. They are often preceded by rituals of purification, and their performances are believed to bring power or blessedness. The founder of the anthropology of religion. It is universal, or has universal potential A few look beyond human nature to that of other animals, for analogues or precursors to religion. Graduate ProgramUndergraduate ProgramGraduate Degree TracksUndergrad Degree EmphasisCourses, Research AreasFaculty PublicationsCONTEXTS: UGResearchJournal, FacultyGraduate StudentsUG Peer AdvisorsStaffLeadership, Main Quad, Building 50 Very individualistic early on. Rites marking transitions between places or stages of life. What is the relationship between sociology and anthropology? Most religious traditions have individuals who are specifically trained and officially authorized to perform such rituals. A religious system that assigns different plant and animal species to specific social groups and postulates a relationship between the group and the species formed during the period of creation. Thus, ritual may involve DOING some behavior but it might also involve NOT DOING some behavior (as in the case of ritual "taboos.". Publicly communicate values, morals and thoughts of a given group. The three possible portfolio combinations are AB, AC, and BC. 2. Rite of passage is a celebration of the passage which occurs when an individual leaves one group to enter another. Term comes from mount Olympus-home of the Greek gods. Has a notion of salvation, often from outside (a 'coming deliverer') 3. \hline & & & & & \\ Identifies Shamanic, communal, Olympian and monotheistic religions. Our faculty seek to understand what faith is and why faith persists, when mysticism emerges in complex societies, and how to understand claims which do not on the surface appear to be religious but are treated as central to religious identity. "state-dependent memory, learning and behavior. T/F: All societies have a word that translates roughly as "religion." Cargo cult. During the liminal state, which can last from a few hours to days or weeks, the youth are separated from the rest of the society and undergo a process whereby they are supposed to let go of their previous state of mind and prepare for their new identity as adults. Advocating strict fidelity to a religion's presumed founding principles. T/F: According to your text, all religious traditions explicitly distinguish between natural and supernatural planes of existence. - Rituals reinforce a cultural message already familiar to participants, - Wanted to prove that all religion is a result of anthropomorphism, and therefore illusory A form of social control. A kind of religion based on community rituals, like harvest ceremonies and passage rites. Be sure to read the feedback. 3. Our courses and research also address the questions of discipline, virtue, and emotion. Effervenscene bubbling up of collective emotional intensity generated through worship Animism Attendance to doctoral meetings (spiritual interpretation of Christian bible. Use nails or hair for example to inflict magic on victim-spreads to the body. Which of the following is not an example of the "practical" uses to which religion is sometimes put? This chapter introduces anthropology as an academic subject and explores its historical development. Includes spells, formulas, and incantations used with deities or with impersonal forces. \text{Payment of interest} &19,000 & \text{Increase in current assets}\\ Example: Born again Christians, Islam jama- Jihad, Judaist Haredi. In the his book, The Interpretation of Cultures (1966/73), Clifford Geertz defined religion as Indigenous cultures often have shamans who perform rituals as well. Satere Mawe right of passage. Sociology of religion is the study of the beliefs, practices and organizational forms of religion using the tools and methods of the discipline of sociology.This objective investigation may include the use both of quantitative methods (surveys, polls, demographic and census analysis) and of qualitative approaches (such as participant observation, interviewing, and analysis of archival . The surface area $S$ of the body of an average person 4 feet tall who weighs $w \mathrm{lb}$ changes at the rate $S^{\prime}(w)=110 w^{-0.575} \mathrm{in}^2 / \mathrm{lb}$ Describe two things wrong with the design of this study. &\begin{array}{rrrrr} + Universal structures of human thought and social life ", theorized a linear evolution of religion, from animism to polytheism to monotheism, wrote "The Golden Bough" & 2 & 12 & 6 & 5 \\ Example: circumcision of teenagers, temporarily separate youth from community, confirmations, baptism, bar/bat mitzvahs, frat hazing. It is confined to a single language or ethnic group The accounting records of Steven Corporation reveal the following: It can subsume or supplant a 'primal' religion 5. If the average weekly salary for technical support personnel is $1,100, what is their yearly salary cost for technical support personnel? A religious ritual is a prescribed, routinized, and ceremonial action or set of actions, the function of which is symbolic and has specific significance to the performer and the performer's community. Dancing, singing or chanting, music, and the various forms of visual art all have religious origins and continue to be integral to most religious traditions. Criticized for being scraggly and ill-used. It discusses various theoretical and contemporary perspectives on fieldwork and ethnography. A ceremonial cross of the John Frum cargo cult, Tanna island, New Hebrides (now Vanuatu ), 1967.